I don’t want to get involved with all the fixing so I want a quick at home fix that will work
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Take it to your local bike shop. the cable itself will cost around 2 dollars and a few more for them to replace it. It most likely would not pedal correctly lacking the cable. If it did, it would be on the smallest cof and would be hard to pedal.
Yes .
The simple thing to do would be replace the cable and readjust the derailleur. This link takes you through step by step.
http://sheldonbrown.com/derailer-adjustment.html
Otherwise you can adjust the higher / lower screws (on the derailleur so that it sits on only one cog.
A spoke or cut of fencing wire bent over can be clamped where the cable end goes to hold it in one gear.( I’ve done this to get home once.)
If it is the front derailleur you can just place a wedge between it and the frame.
I’d go with the new cable though (unless your miles from home.)